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       (1)单音节词和少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节单词,比较级在后面加-er,最高级在后面加-est。
 
       
       
       
       
       
       short→shorter→shortest 
tall→taller→tallest            
       
       
       
       
       
 clever→cleverer→cleverest       
       
       
       narrow→narrower→narrowest  
       
       
       
 (2)以不发音e结尾的单音节单词,比较级在原形后加-r,最高级在原级后加-st。
 
       
       
       
       
       
       
       (3)以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节(即:辅音+元音+辅音)单词中,先双写末尾的辅音字母,比较级加-er,最高级加-est。 
       
 
       
       
       
       
       
       
       (4)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词, 把y改为i,比较级加-er,最高级加-est。 
       
       
       
       heavy→heavier→heaviest 
busy→busier→busiest     
       
       
       
       
 (5)其他双音节词和多音节词,比较级在前面加more,最高级在前面加most。
 
       
       
       
       beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful
different→more different→most different 
easily→more easily→most easily 
       
       
       
 (6)有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的,必须熟记。
 
       
       
       
       
       well→better→best
bad→worse→worst            
       
       
       ill→worse→worst
old→older/elder→oldest/eldest 
many/much→more→most      
       
       
       little→less→least 
far →further/farther→ furthest/farthest 
       
       
       
       
       
       (1)“甲+be+(倍数)+形容词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙…”或“甲比乙…几倍”。 
       
       
       
       
       
       
       This room is three times bigger than that one. 
       
       
       
       (2)“甲+实意动词+(倍数)+副词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙…”或“甲比乙…几倍”。 
       
       
       
       I got up earlier than my mother this morning. 
       
       
       
       
       He runs three times faster than his brother. 
       
       
       
       
       
       (1)“主语+be+the+形容词最高级(+单数名词)+in/of...”表示“……是……中最……的”。 
       
       
       
       Tom is the tallest in his classhttps://mp.weixin..com/of all the students. 
       
       
       
       
       This apple is the biggest of the five.  
       
       
       
       
       (2)“主语+实意动词+(the)+副词最高级+in/of...”表示“……是……中最……的”。 
       
       
       
       I jump (the) farthest in my class. 
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       2.谓语:主语发出的动作。一般是有动作意义的动词。 
       
       
       
       3. 宾语:分为动词宾语和介词宾语,属于动作的承受者。 
       
       
       
       4. 系动词:表示状态或状态变化的动词,没有实际的动作意义。如 be, 感官系动词(look, sound, smell, taste 和 feel)、保持类系动词(keep, stay 和 remain)、状态变化类系动词(become、get、turn 和 go)等。 
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       8. 补语:分为宾语补足语和主语补足语。是对宾语和主语的补充说明,与其有主动或被动的逻辑关系。 
       
       
       
       例如:You should keep the room clean and tidy. 
       
       
       
       (You是主语, should keep是谓语,the room是宾语,clean and tidy是宾语补足语。) 
       
       
       
       This kind of food tastes delicious. 
       
       
       
       (This kind of food是主语, tastes是系动词, delicious是表语。)
 
       
       
       
       注意:主语、谓语、宾语、系动词、表语、补语是一个句子的主干成分;定语和状语是一个句子的修饰性成分,不是主干成分。 
       
       
       
       
       
       1. 简单句的基本形式是由一个主语加一个谓语构成。 
       
       
       
       2. 复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。 
       
       
       
       3. 两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。 
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       例:They arrived in Harbin yesterday morning. 
       
       
       分析:“they”(主语)“arrived”(谓语)。 
       
       
       
       2.“主语 + 谓语 + 宾语”(即“主谓宾”句型) 
       
       
       
       
       分析:“I”(主语)“study”(谓语动作)“English”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)。 
       
       
       
       3.“主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语”(即“主谓双宾”句型) 
       
       
       
       例:Our teacher taught us English. 
       
       
       分析:“our teacher”(主语)“教”(谓语动作)“us”(间接宾语)“English”(直接宾语)。 
       
       
       
       4.“主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”(即“主谓宾宾补”句型) 
       
       
       
       例:He asked her to go there. 
       
       
       分析:“he”(主语)“asked”(谓语动作)“her”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)“to go there”(补语—补充说明宾语做什么)。 
       
       
       
       5.“主语 + 系动词+ 表语”(即“主系表”句型) 
       
       
       
       常用的系动词有be, keep,lie, remain, stand, become, fall, get, go, grow, turn, look, feel, seem, smell, sound, taste, 等。 
       
       
       
       
       分析:“I”(主语)“am”(系动词)“a teacher”(表语—即表明主语的身份)。 
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       如:She knew that the teacher had seen the film. 
       
       
       
       
       “that the teacher had seen the film”做 knew 的宾语,同时又是由连接词 that 引导的从句,所以它叫做宾语从句。 
       
       
       
       
       
       (1)动词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于动词后面的宾语从句。 
       
       
       
       如:He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.他问我们班上谁的书法最好。 
       
       
       
       (2)介词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于介词后面的宾语从句。 
       
       
       
       如:I agree with what you said just now.我同意你刚才说的话。 
       
       
       
       (3)形容词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于形容词后面的宾语从句。 
       
       
       
       如:I am afraid that I will be late. 恐怕我要迟到了。 
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       (2)whether/if:表示是否,在宾语从句中不做成分。
 
       
       
       
       I don't know if /whether he still lives here after so many years. 我不知道这么多年后,他是否还住在这里。 
       
       
       
       (3)连接代词:what, which, who, whom, whose(在宾语从句中做主、宾、表和定语) 
       
       
       
       连接副词:where, when, how, why(在宾语从句中做状语) 
       
       
       
       The small children don't know what is in their stockings.(what 在宾语从句中做主语) 
       
       
       
       
       Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning?(why 在宾语从句中做原因状语) 
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       ①当主句是现在时态时,宾语从句可以根据需要使用任何时态。
 
       
       
       
       I don't know when he will come back.我不知道他将何时回来。 
       
       
       
       He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。 
       
       
       
       ②当主句是过去时态时,宾语从句必须是一种过去的时态。 
       
       
       
       She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。
 
       
       
       
       He said that he could finish his work before supper.他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。 
       
       
       
       ③当表示客观事实或普遍真理的句子做宾语从句时,任何时候都用一般现在时。
 
       
       
       
       The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说过地球绕着太阳转。
 
       
       
       
       (2)语序:任何从句都使用陈述句语序,宾语从句当然也不例外。 
       
       
       
       
       
       一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作,或表示现在的特征、状态。 
       
       
       
       当主语是非第三人称单数时,行为动词的一般现在时变化形式(见下表)。如: 
       
       
       
       
       
       当主语是第三人称单数时,行为动词一般现在时的句型变化如下表: 
       
       
       
        
         
         |  
           |  
          
           |  
          
           |  
        
 
         
         |  
           |  
          
           |  
          
           |  
        
 
         
         |  
           |  
          
           |  
          
           
           She doesn’t speak Chinese. 
           |  
        
 
         
         |  
           |  
          
           |  
          
           |  
        
 
         
         |  
           
           |  
          
           
           |  
          
           
           
           |  
        
 
        
      
 
       
       
       
       
       现在进行时表示此时此刻正在发生的事情。常与now,at the moment,look,listen等词连用。 
       
       
       
       The little boy is watching TV now. 
       
       
       
       
       Listen!She is playing the guitar in the next room. 
       
       
       
       
       
       肯定式:am/is/are+doing(现在分词) 
       
       
       
       否定式:am/is/are not +doing(现在分词) 
       
       
       
       一般疑问式:Am/Is/Are + 主语 +doing(现在分词)+ 其他 
       
       
       
       
       
       They’re having a meeting now.  
       
       
       
       
       They aren't having a meeting now.  
       
       
       
       
       Are they having a meeting now? 
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       一般过去时表示在过去某个时间所发生的动作或所处的状态(与现在无关) 。常与yesterday, last week, in 1989, just now, a moment ago, the other day等过去具体时间状语连用。 
       
       
       
       
       
       
       What did you do yesterday?  
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       I was an English teacher one year ago. 
       
       
       
       
       I bought a yellow dress yesterday afternoon. 
       
       
       
       
       2. 否定句形式:①was/were+not; ②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词   
       
       
       
       I wasn't an English teacher one year ago. 
       
       
       
       
       I didn't buy a yellow dress yesterday afternoon. 
       
       
       
       
       3. 一般疑问句:①was/were提到句首;②Did+主语+动词原形+其他?    
       
       
       
       Were you an English teacher one year ago? 
       
       
       
       
       Did you buy a yellow dress yesterday afternoon? 
       
       
       
       
       
       
       What were you one year ago? 
       
       
       
       
       
       
       一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或状态,或将来经常发生的动作或状态。 
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       I will do a better job next time.  
       
       
       
       
       Oil and water will not mix.  
       
       
       
       
       2. am/is/are going to +动词原形
 
       
       
       
       否定式:am/is/are not going to +动词原形 
       
       
       
       一般疑问式:am/is/are +主语+ going to + 动词原形+其他? 
       
       
       
       
       
       He is going to spend his holidays in London. 
       
       
       
       
       Look at the dark clouds. There is going to be a storm.  
       
       
       
       
       Is he going to collect any data for us?  
       
       
       
       
       What are you going to do tomorrow? 
       
       
       
       
       
       
       can(能,会), may(可以,可能,也许), must(必须,一定,应该) have to(必须,不得不) 
       
       
       
       1. 肯定句结构:主语+can/may/must+动词原形+其它,例如: 
       
       
       
       
       
        2. 否定句结构: 在can/may/must后加not,例如:  
       
       
       
       You mustn’t talk aloud in the library.  
       
       
       
       3. 一般疑问句结构: 把can/may/must提在主语前,例如: 
       
       
       
       Must you go now? (Yes, I must. No, I needn’t.)  
       
       
       May I open the window? (Yes, you may. No, you needn’t.)  
       
       
       
       
       
       had better+动词原形表示“最好做……”,变否定句时在had better后加not。例如: 
       
       
       
       You had better catch a bus.  
       
       
       You’d better not catch a bus. (You had= You’d )  
       
       
       
       
       
       对划线部分提问时,将划线部分去掉,剩下部分变一般疑问句语序。(对主语提问例外)例如:  
       
       
       
       My name is Lily. What’s your name?  
       
       
       The river is 500 kilometres. Hong long is the river? 
       
      
     
    
   
   
   
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