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                           abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           后元音:[ɑ:] [ɒ] [ɔ:] [u :] [ʊ] [ʌ]  
                           
                           
                           
                           合口双元音(5个)[ai]  [ei]   [au]     [əu]   [ɔi] 
                           
                           
                           集中双元音(3个) [iə][εə][uə] 
 
3.词汇:词汇量,近反义词 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           一般情况,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds 
                           
                           
                           
                           以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches 
                           
                           
                           
                           以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries 
                           
                           
                           以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice 
                           
                           
                           child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 
                           
                           
                           
                           不可数名词的复数就是原型:paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           a) 单数后加 ’s 如: Lucy’s ruler my father’s shirt 
                           
                           
                           
                           b) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加 ’如: his friends’ bags 
                           
                           
                           
                           c) 不以s 结尾的复数后加 ’s children’s shoes 
                           
                           
                           
                           并列名词中,如果把 ’s加在最后一个名词后,表示共有, 如: 
                           
                           
                           
                           Tom and Mike’s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车 
                           
                           
                           
                           Tom’s and Mike’s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车 
                           
                           
                           (2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用“ of +名词”来表示所有关系:如: 
                           
                           
                           a picture of the classroom a map of China 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           (1)不定冠词:a / an a unit / an uncle 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson / 
                           
                           
                           (2)定冠词:the the egg the plane 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           特指某(些)人或某(些)物:The ruler is on the desk. 
                           
                           
                           
                           复述上文提到的人或物:He has a sweater. The sweater is new. 
                           
                           
                           
                           谈话双方都知道的人或物:The boys aren’t at school. 
                           
                           
                           
                           在序数词前:John’s birthday is February the second. 
                           
                           
                           
                           用于固定词组中:in the morning / afternoon / evening 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           专有名词前:China is a big country. 
                           
                           
                           名词前有定语:this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等: 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           复数名词表示一类人和事:Monkeys can’t swim. They are teachers. 
                           
                           
                           
                           在节日,日期,月份,季节前:Today is Christmas Day. It’s Sunday. 
                           
                           
                           
                           一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30. 
                           
                           
                           球类 棋类运动前:They often play football after class. He plays chess at home. 
                           
                           
                           
                           * 但乐器前要用定冠词:I play the guitar very well. 
                           
                           
                           
                           学科名称前:My favorite subject is music. 
                           
                           
                           
                           在称呼或头衔的名词前:This is Mr Li. 
                           
                           
                           固定词组中:at noon at night by bus 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           复数they(他们/她们/它们)themtheir(他们的/她们的/它们的) 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           1、形容词比较级在句子中的运用:两个事物或人的比较用比较级,比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more, a little来修饰表示程度。than后的人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格)。 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加er ; 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           good-better, beautiful-more beautiful 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           1.形容词与副词的区别(有be用形,有形用be;有动用副,有副用动) 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           2.副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同(不规则变化:well-better, far-farther) 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen, sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty 
                           
                           
                           
                           (2)21-99 先说“几十”,再说“几”,中间加连字符。 
                           
                           
                           23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one 
                           
                           
                           
                           (3)101—999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数; 
                           
                           
                           586→five hundred and eighty-six,803→eight hundred and three 
                           
                           
                           
                           (4)l,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand.第二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为billion 
                           
                           
                           1,001→one thousand and one 
                           
                           
                           18,423→eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three 
                           
                           
                           6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine 
                           
                           
                           750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty billion 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           eg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve—twelfth 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           twenty→twentieth, forty→fortieth, ninety→ninetieth 
                           
                           
                           
                           (4)从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。 
                           
                           
                           twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           五、介词:常用介词:in, on, at, behind等 
                           
                           
                           
                           1.at表示时间概念的某一个点。(在某时刻、时间、阶段等)。 
                           
                           
                           at 1:00(dawn,midnight,noon)在一点钟(黎明、午夜、中午) 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           at(on)the weekend在周末---特指 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           (2)在圣诞节,应说at Christmas?而不说on Christmas? 
                           
                           
                           
                           On reaching the city he called up his parents. 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           1)表示"时段"、"时期",在多数情况下可以和during互换,前者强调对比,后者强调持续。in(during)1988(December,the 20th century)在一九八八年(十二月、二十世纪) 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           1. be动词:主语+be(am, is, are)+其它。如:I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。 
                           
                           
                           
                           2. 行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。如:We study English. 我们学习英语。 
                           
                           
                           
                           当主语为第三人称单数(he, she, it)时,要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如:Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           1.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks 
                           
                           
                           
                           2.以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes 
                           
                           
                           
                           3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:study-studies 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           ① 一般直接在动词的后面加ed:如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited 
                           
                           
                           ② 以e结尾的动词直接加d:如 lived , danced , used 
                           
                           
                           ③ 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词要改y为i再加ed(此类动词较少)如 study – studied carry – carried worry – worried (注意play、stay不是辅音字母加y,所以不属于此类) 
                           
                           
                           ④ 双写最后一个字母(此类动词较少)如 stopped 
                           
                           
                           B、不规则动词(此类词并无规则,须熟记)小学阶段要记住以下动词的原形和过去式: 
                           
                           
                           
                           sing – sang , eat – ate , 
                           
                           
                           see – saw , have – had , do – did , go – went , take – took , buy – bought , get – got , read – read ,fly – flew , am/is – was , 
                           
                           
                           are – were , say – said , leave – left , swim – swam , tell – told , draw – drew , come – came , lose – lost , find – found , drink – drank , hurt – hurt , feel – felt 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           ②will+ do. be going to = will 
                           
                           
                           I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天). = I will go swimming tomorrow. 
                           
                           
                           
                           (4)现在进行时: am,is,are+动词现在分词 
                           
                           
                           
                           ① 一般的直接在后面加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating 
                           
                           
                           ② 以e 结尾的动词,要先去e再加ing ,如having , writing 
                           
                           
                           ③ 双写最后一个字母的(此类动词极少)有:running , swimming , sitting , getting 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           I’m a student. She is a doctor. He works in a hospital. 
                           
                           
                           
                           There are four fans in our classroom. He will eat lunch at 12:00. I watched TV yesterday evening. 
                           
                           
                           
                           (2)、否定句:含有否定词或表示否定意义词的句子,如: 
                           
                           
                           
                           I’m not a student. She is not (isn’t) a doctor. 
                           
                           
                           
                           He does not (doesn’t) work in a hospital. There are not (aren’t) four fans in our classroom. 
                           
                           
                           
                           He will not (won’t) eat lunch at 12:00. I did not (didn’t) watch TV yesterday evening. 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           一般疑问句:是指询问事实的句子,此类句子必须用“yes”,或“no”来回答。 
                           
                           
                           特殊疑问句:以特殊疑问词(what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等)开头引导的句子。此类句子应该问什么就答什么,不能用“yes 、no”来回答。 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           1、There be 句型表示:在某地有某物(或人) 
                           
                           
                           
                           2、在there be 句型中,主语是单数,be 动词用is ; 主语是复数,be 动词用are ; 如有几件物品,be 动词根据最*近be 动词的那个名词决定。 
                           
                           
                           
                           3、there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not , 一般疑问句把be 动词调到句首。 
                           
                           
                           
                           4、there be句型与have(has) 的区别:there be 表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 表示某人拥有某物。 
                           
                           
                           
                           5、some 和any 在there be 句型中的运用:some 用于肯定句, any 用于否定句或疑问句。 
                           
                           
                           
                           6、and 和or 在there be句型中的运用:and 用于肯定句, or 用于否定句或疑问句。 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语? 
                           
                           
                           How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语? 
                           
                           
                           
                           
                          
                         
                        
                        
                        
 
                        
                       
                      
                     
                    
                   
                   
                  
                  
                 
                
               
              
             
            
           
          
         
        
       
      
     
    
   
  
 

 

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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